Introduction Of Hypothesis And Research Problem (Chapter 1/A)

Before discussion of Introduction of hypothesis we will know about on Characteristics of Research Problem.

i.          The right question must be addressed.

ii.         Alternative approach.

iii.        What the decision marker would like to know.

iv.        Determination & structuring the decision maker’s question.

v.         Criterion for choosing the best alternatives.

vi.        The researcher must avoid the acceptance of the superficial & the oblivious.

Main Issues in Research Problem

iii.        Time & Space Boundaries: Time and space boundaries represent the time period and geographical area within which the action is to be taken.

iv.        Specific Environmental Conditions : These are the special type of relevant characteristics.

Concept of Hypothesis

  It’s an assumption about statement/problem based on facts.

Characteristics of Hypothesis:Introduction Of Hypothesis

i.          It may or may not be proved.

ii.         It should be worded in such a way that either first one or second one would be correct.

iii.        If first one is accepted second one must be rejected and vice versa.

iv.        It should be clear and precise.

v.         It should be statistically testable.

v.         It should state relationship between variables.

vi.        It should be consistent with most known facts.

vii.       It must explain what it claims to explain.

Basic Concepts Concerning in Hypothesis Testing

i.          Null Hypothesis vs Alternative Hypothesis:

         Null hypothesis represents the hypothesis that the researcher tries to reject. While alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that the researcher tries to accept.

         Null hypothesis symbolized by Ho, but alternative hypothesis by Ha..

         Null hypothesis should always be specific but alternative hypothesis may or may not be.

ii.         The Level of Significance: It is the maximum value of the probability of rejecting Ho when it is true.

iii.        Decision Rule: The rule based on which reject Ho (i.e. accept Ha) and vice versa.

iv.        Type I and Type II Error: Reject Ho when it is true and accept Ho when it is false respectively.

v.         Two –tailed and One-tailed Tests: If the direction is not specified in Ha that is two-tailed test and the opposite is one-tailed test.

Procedure for Hypothesis Testing

i.          Making a formal statement. Introduction of hypothesis

ii.         Selecting a level of significance.

iii.        Deciding the distribution to use.

iv.        Selecting a random sampling and computing an appropriate value.

v.         Calculation of the observed value.

vi.        Comparing the observed value with table value.

vii.       Decision : If calculated or observed value is greater than table value at the desired level of significance, the Ho is rejected and vice versa.

Reliability vs. Validity  

Reliability means that the findings would be consistently the same if the study were done over again. Validity refers to the truthfulness of findings; if you really measured what you think you measured, or more precisely, what others think you measured. Introduction of hypothesis.